Form 1098-VLI: Vehicle Loan Interest Statement

VOIDPaper only: marks a form on a sheet that should be ignored. It is not a correction; a filed return is undone with a corrected return.How corrections workCORRECTEDChecked on a return that replaces one already filed. Which fields to repeat, and whether two returns are needed, depends on the error.Type 1 vs Type 2 correctionsRecipient's/lender's nameWhat goes hereYour name, address and telephone number as the filer (the recipient or lender). Use the same name and address on Form 1096 if you file on paper.Watch forA servicer or other collection agent that is the first to receive the interest files and enters its own details here, even though it only passes the interest on.Check the filer blockRecipient's/lender's street addressStreet or P.O. box of the filer, where the recipient can write about the form. Not matched against IRS records.Recipient's/lender's room or suiteSecond address line, optional.Calendar yearWhat goes hereThe calendar year in which you received the interest.Watch forUse the December 2026 Form 1098-VLI for 2026 and later years until the IRS issues a superseding revision.The 2027 calendarRecipient's/lender's city or townCity of the filer's address. A foreign filer gives the city and leaves the state blank.Recipient's/lender's telephone numberRequired: a number the recipient can call about the form, with area code. The recipient copy must carry it.Box 1: Vehicle loan interest received by lenderWhat goes hereInterest received from the payer of record during the year on a specified passenger vehicle loan (SPVL): debt incurred after 2024 to buy a US-assembled vehicle for personal use, whose original use began with the borrower, secured by a first lien on it.Threshold$600 or more on any one loan, tested loan by loan.Watch forLeave out interest on the part of the debt that is not an SPVL, such as negative equity from a trade-in, a trailer or cash proceeds, and prepaid interest that does not accrue by January 15 of the next year.Click to open the row in the box tableRecipient's/lender's state or provinceTwo-letter state code for a U.S. address; the province for a foreign one.Recipient's/lender's countryBlank or US for a domestic address; the country for a foreign filer.Recipient's/lender's ZIP or postal codeFive or nine digits for a U.S. address; the foreign postal code otherwise.Recipient's/lender's TINThe EIN the returns are filed under; it must match the filer name on the first line. A sole proprietor may use an SSN, with the owner's name first.Check the filer blockPayer of record's TINWhat goes hereThe payer of record's TIN: an SSN, ITIN, ATIN or EIN.Watch forYou may truncate it on the payer of record's statement, never on the copy filed with the IRS. Your own TIN as recipient/lender may not be truncated on any form.Match it before you fileBox 2a: YearWhat goes hereThe vehicle's year.Click to open the row in the box tableBox 2b: MakeWhat goes hereThe vehicle's make.Click to open the row in the box tableBox 2c: ModelWhat goes hereThe vehicle's model.Click to open the row in the box tablePayer of record's nameWhat goes hereThe payer of record: the person your books carry as the principal borrower (designate one if they do not say). It must be an individual, a decedent's estate or a nongrantor trust.Watch forDo not file when the payer of record is a nonresident alien individual, a foreign nongrantor trust or a foreign estate.Which name goes firstBox 2d: VINWhat goes hereThe VIN of the vehicle for which the loan was made.Watch forIf the vehicle was replaced with a substitute because of an unforeseen intervening event under Treas. Reg. 1.163-16(c)(3)(ii), report the substitute vehicle's VIN.Click to open the row in the box tablePayer of record's street addressWhere the recipient copy is mailed. From the W-9 line 5; the IRS does not match it, but an undeliverable copy is a furnishing failure.Payer of record's apartment or suiteSecond address line, optional. Keep it on its own line rather than appended to the street.Box 3a: Loan origination dateWhat goes hereThe date the loan originated with the original lender.Watch forIf you acquired the loan, do not put your acquisition date here. That goes in box 3b.Click to open the row in the box tableBox 3b: Loan acquisition dateWhat goes hereIf you acquired the loan, the date you acquired it. Otherwise leave it blank.Click to open the row in the box tablePayer of record's city or townCity of the mailing address, from the W-9 line 6.Box 4: Outstanding principalWhat goes hereThe outstanding principal as of January 1 of the year. For a loan you originated during the year, the principal on the origination date; for one you acquired during the year, the principal on the acquisition date.Click to open the row in the box tableBox 5: Refund of overpaid interestWhat goes hereThe total refund or credit you made this year of SPVL interest overpaid in a prior year or years. Report it for the year you make it and leave the prior year's form unchanged.ThresholdRequired at $600 or more. A smaller one is required only if you are filing Form 1098-VLI for that payer anyway.Watch forOverpaid and refunded in the same year: show the net in box 1 and leave box 5 blank. Interest you pay on the refund goes on Form 1099-INT.Click to open the row in the box tablePayer of record's state or provinceTwo-letter state code; it also drives which state copies are needed when there is no withholding.State filing requirementsPayer of record's countryBlank or US for a domestic address. A foreign address is a flag to check whether a W-8 and Form 1042-S were the right documents instead.Foreign payeesPayer of record's ZIP or postal codeFive or nine digits for a U.S. address, or the foreign postal code.Box 6: Original use of the vehicle began with the borrowerCheck it whenOriginal use of the vehicle began with the payer of record, or the payer of record became an obligor on the loan because a previous obligor died.Watch forOriginal use begins with the first person to take delivery after the vehicle is sold, registered or titled. A buyer who returns it within 30 days is not that person.Click to open the row in the box tableBox 7: Final assembly of the vehicle occurred in the United StatesCheck it whenFinal assembly of the vehicle occurred within the United States.Watch forYou may rely on the plant of manufacture shown in the VIN, or on the final assembly point on the label affixed to the vehicle.Click to open the row in the box tableAccount numberWhat goes hereYour account number for this loan.Required whenYou have more than one account for the payer of record and file more than one Form 1098-VLI. The IRS encourages an account number on every Form 1098-VLI.

Hover over a box for what goes in it; click to open its row in the table below. On a touch screen, tap the box to jump to the row.

Who must file Form 1098-VLI

File Form 1098-VLI if, in the course of your trade or business, you receive $600 or more of interest during the year on a specified passenger vehicle loan from an individual, a decedent's estate or a nongrantor trust. An SPVL is debt incurred after 2024 to buy an applicable passenger vehicle (a car, minivan, van, SUV, pickup or motorcycle under 14,000 pounds, whose original use begins with the borrower and whose final assembly occurred in the United States) for personal use, secured by a first lien on that vehicle. Amounts customarily financed with the purchase (service plans, GAP, credit insurance, sales tax, title fees) count; negative equity rolled in from a trade-in, cash out, and a trailer or boat do not, and the interest must be allocated. Loans to related parties are excluded; a refinancing keeps SPVL status up to the refinanced balance.

The deduction on the borrower's side (up to $10,000 of interest, phased out above $100,000 of modified AGI, $200,000 joint) is available for tax years 2025 through 2028, so the reporting requirement has a defined life. For 2025 interest, Notice 2025-57 let lenders furnish the information to borrowers by any reasonable method without filing with the IRS; the December 2026 form and instructions are the first full filing, for 2026 interest, due in early 2027.

Threshold: $600, of interest received in the year on each specified passenger vehicle loan (SPVL) from an individual, a decedent's estate or a nongrantor trust; the test is per loan.

What is reported, box by box

Box titles follow the current revision of the form. The IRS reads the payer and recipient name, TIN, address, account number and the money boxes; the state boxes are for the state copy only.

Payments that are not reported on Form 1098-VLI

• Loans on which you received less than $600 of interest for the year (per loan), and interest on the non-SPVL portion of a mixed loan.
• Used vehicles, leases, fleet or business-use vehicles, vehicles assembled outside the United States, and loans to related parties.
• Loans made before 2025, and interest received from a corporation, partnership or other non-individual borrower.

Due dates and extensions

An automatic 30-day extension is available on Form 8809, filed by the due date on paper or through IRIS; a second 30 days requires a hardship showing. Recipient statements can be extended 30 days on Form 15397, online or by fax only. 10 or more information returns of any type in aggregate must be e-filed (T.D. 9972); IRIS is the only IRS intake system from filing season 2027, FIRE having been retired. A payer who e-files the originals must e-file the corrections.

For 2026 forms filed in 2027: January 31 falls on a Sunday, so that deadline moves to Monday, February 1, 2027; February 28 also falls on a Sunday, so the paper deadline moves to Monday, March 1, 2027. March 31 (electronic) and March 15 are weekdays. February 28 does not become February 29 in a leap year. The compliance calendar has every date with the weekend shifts applied.

Withholding and TIN matching

Interest received on a loan is not a payment to the borrower, so backup withholding does not apply and the form is outside the IRS TIN Matching program. The borrower's TIN is the SSN captured on the credit application, and the return needs it: an incorrect or missing TIN carries the ordinary IRC 6721IRC 6721Internal Revenue Code, Cornell LII penalty. Auto lenders and captive finance companies that have never filed a 1099-series form before are the ones building this from scratch, and the two things to get right are the borrower's legal name as the SSA holds it (not the dealer's DMS record) and the per-loan $600 test.

Name and TIN errors on this form

Every information return is matched by the IRS on the first four characters of the payee's name (the name control) against the TIN. A mismatch produces a CP2100 line the following autumn and, unless the solicitation record is in order, a 972CG penalty the year after: $340 per return for 2026 forms filed in 2027 that are late or wrong, $690 for intentional disregard, with annual maximums of $4,191,500 ($1,397,000 for small filers) under Rev. Proc. 2025-32. The errors that recur on Form 1098-VLI:

• Dealer-originated data. The credit application flows from the dealership's system, where names are often abbreviated or mistyped; the 1098-VLI carries whatever came through. Verify the name/SSN pair when the loan is boarded.
• Co-borrowers. The return goes to the payer of record, the first-named borrower, under that person's SSN.
• Loans sold or serviced. The person receiving the interest files; a servicer files for the loans it collects on, and a purchaser reports from the acquisition date (box 3b).

The name control calculator shows what the IRS will derive from a name line, and the CP2100 guide covers what to do when the notice arrives.

Recipient statements and substitutes

The recipient statement for Form 1098-VLI need not be a copy of the official form: a substitute may be combined with other account statements or reports, provided every required item is numbered and titled as on the official form, the tax year, form number and form name appear together, the recipient instructions are included, and, for the forms Pub 1099 lists, a telephone number with direct access to someone who can answer questions is shown. Publication 1179 (Rev. Proc. 2026-18) has the specifications; logos, slogans and advertising are not permitted on the statement itself. Statements may be furnished electronically only to a recipient who has affirmatively consented in a way that shows they can access the format, after the disclosures in Pub 1099 part M, and must stay posted through October 15. Copy B may show a truncated TIN (xxx-xx-1234); the IRS copy never may. The consent rules for furnishing statements electronically are under review: Notice 2026-4 asked for comments (due May 23, 2026) on whether the broker rules, and then the rules for every other payee statement, should change.

Corrections and state copies

A wrong amount, code or checkbox is a Type 1 correction: one corrected return with the CORRECTED box checked. The wrong form type is a Type 2 correction: a zeroed-out copy of the original plus a new original, in that order. A wrong or missing payee TIN or name is also Type 2 on paper, but IRIS corrects it in one step on the original record (Publication 5717). Publication 1099 also says you are not required to file a correction for a missing or incorrect TIN if you meet the reasonable-cause standard, only to use the right TIN on the next return, although the IRS encourages the correction. Details and the paper error charts are on the 1099 corrections page.

Form 1098-VLI is not in the Combined Federal/State Filing program, so any state that requires it must receive it directly. Requirements by state are on the state pages.

In the Internal Revenue Bulletin

Guidance published in the weekly Bulletin that bears on this form, 2024 to date; what each document does, not its text.

• The reporting rules are now final: T.D. 10054 (proposed as REG-113515-25) covers who receives interest of $600 or more in a trade or business on a specified passenger vehicle loan from an individual, what the return carries (VIN, whether the original use began with the buyer, final assembly in the United States, outstanding principal) and the 6721 and 6722 penalties for failures. For 2025 interest, Notice 2025-57 treats a lender as compliant if it made a statement of the year's interest available to the borrower.

Questions people ask about Form 1098-VLI

Other federal forms

1042-S · 1097-BTC · 1098 · 1098-C · 1098-E · 1098-F · 1098-Q · 1098-T · 1099-A · 1099-B · 1099-C · 1099-CAP · 1099-DIV · 1099-G · 1099-INT · 1099-K · 1099-LPS · 1099-LS · 1099-LTC · 1099-MISC · 1099-NEC · 1099-OID · 1099-PATR · 1099-Q · 1099-QA · 1099-R · 1099-S · 1099-SA · 1099-SB · 3921 · 3922 · 5498 · 5498-ESA · 5498-QA · 5498-SA · 5498-TA · W-2G · 1099-DA · Comparison table

Sources: IRS Publication 1099 (2026), General Instructions for Certain Information Returns, which replaced the separate General Instructions starting with tax year 2026; Instructions for Form 1098-VLI (December 2026); Pub 1099 (2026) What's New; Notice 2025-57; IRC 6050AIRC 6050AInternal Revenue Code, Cornell LIIA, 163(h)(4); Regulations 1.163-16; Internal Revenue Bulletin: T.D. 10054; REG-113515-25; Notice 2025-57. Threshold amounts are indexed for inflation from calendar year 2027; check IRS.gov/InflationAdjustment for the current year.